Saturday, November 30, 2024

Shaykh Ubaydulla's letter to the Qajar prince

Shaykh Ubaydullah corresponded with the Qajars on multiple occasions. The letters were written with the goal of amicably resolving the Kurdistan issue. The Qajar prince received one of the letters: 

As you know well, Kurdistan consists of more than five hundred thousand families. Due to ignorance and disregard for the Kurds, both on the Ottoman or Iranian sides, they are known for their infamy and notoriety among the nations (How ever, for every ten flawed individuals in this nation, a thousand good ones are trying their best to do good (or reform their situation). Nevertheless, there is no way of educating and saving depraved individuals from infamy or preventing good people's names from falling into disre-pute. Despite all the remonstrances and complaints of the poor people, the states that rule over them, both Iran and the Ottoman, are either incapable of punishing the evildoers or turn a blind eye (ignore the situation). Consequently, all ill repute and disgrace are shared by the good and bad of the nation. Thus, neither rich nor poor, neither noble nor low-born, are treated with respect by their government like other nations. Due to the lack of differentiation from the bandits, the righteous people are all in danger under both governments. Inevitably, and as a result of these considerations, the subjects of those states in coalition (or together) resolved that we, like other nations, would be a unified nation. Under whichever government they serve, they should do it in a unified fashion so that they can independently punish their lawless people and remove all this abomination and disgrace from Kurdistan.

After achieving this goal and resolving the matter, Kurdistanis will collectively give written guarantees that no lawlessness will occur anywhere. Only wisdom, exchange of views, and the best forms of consultation can end the current situation, not force of arms. Otherwise, it could produce unintended consequences. I said this all since I only mean well. [In the end], the choice is all yours.





Kurds vs Mongols

Fadlullah Hamadani, the historian of the Ilkhanate from the 14th century, claims that the Mongols' discovery of the Kurds' kryptonite led to the conquest of the Hawler/Erbil citadel:

Hamadani (14th-century): 

When Hülägü Khan set out to conquer Baghdad, he assigned the Arbela fortress to Uruqtu Noyan. It is a bastion set firmly upon a glacis and has no like in the inhab-ited quarter of the globe. When Urugtu Noyan laid siege, the Kurds began to fight from the citadel, and Tajuddin Ibn Salaya, the lord of Arbela, came to surrender and performed good services. Uruqtu said, "The sign of your true surrender will be the turning over of the citadel." Tajuddin went to the citadel gate, but the Kurdish soldiers would not let him in. After much insistence he gave up and came away, returning to Uruqtu, who sent him to Hülägü Khan. He was found guilty at a trial and executed.


Uruqtu besieged the citadel for a time, but the defenders refused to give in. Then he requested reinforcements from Sultan Badruddin Lu'lu'. He sent a few soldiers. One night the defenders of the citadel came down and launched a surprise attack on the Mongols, killing all they could find, setting their catapults ablaze, and retreating into the citadel. Uruqtu was stunned and sum-moned Badruddin Lu'lu' for consultation. Badruddin Lu'lu' said, "The best plan is to postpone this until summer, when the Kurds will flee from the heat and go into the mountains, for now the weather is nice and they have plenty of supplies. The citadel is highly impregnable and impossible to take except by stealth." Uruqtu stationed Sultan Badruddin there and went to his summer pastures in Tabriz. When the weather turned hot, the Kurds came down, turned the citadel over to Sultan Badrud-din, and went to Syria. Sultan Badruddin destroyed the ramparts, and thus the citadel was also conquered.



Mahwi's diwan

1

When you are absent from my eyes, what do you miss?

You fill my eyes to the brim. I am absent from myself.
You speak only to scold. If your lips begin, anyone
Who talks back will find their tongue absent.

Blood and dirt, Kokan named Khosrau’s intention:
Witness this disaster. Alert the absent.

My thoughts don’t leave you though yours have left me.

So long as you are with me: enough. Let me be absent.

He is the day and I am the night, still, Hafiz says, Mahwi,

If you desire His constant presence, never be absent.


2

Love’s hermitage is my republic. I won’t leave
Even if it burns. I’m just a handful of kindling.

Prayer didn’t touch her, so I became the dirt under her feet.
I reject the Order of Isolation. I choose the road.

I sought justice, I protested. A gnostic, rough, she
Said, “Tomorrow is Eid. Your blood will henna my feet.”

I abandoned prayer’s red face.
I live in shame’s yellow face.

The Gardner named me “apple,” but I fruit quince.

Lose the self, become bound, measure mud, burn:

Love has so much work to do. I stand in line.

What grace: she lights me on fire. She calls me sheikh.

She calls it ash, straw, this cane I hold in my hands.

With a wink’s blade, she cut my chest open.

She threw a little water at this dry hothouse.

In return for cold words, I sigh blazing breath.

He who throws a stone at me, I throw a storm at him.

Thank God, Mahwi is aware: the world is a cesspool.

When people get drunk, why should I seize on the trespass?


3

Those enthroned today, surrounded by ululating creatures,
Will be corpses tomorrow, surrounded by shrieking creatures.

Tomorrow will cut and cut them down. Had they faith,
They would not be so eager for this world, these creatures.

The antichrist takes shape in the thought of knowledge’s people.
Some follow it in herds, these creatures.

The full world is so tempting for an Iblis like Iblis.

He shelters in sly whispers and holds sway over creatures.

Your curtained face riots with a hundred doomsdays.

For once, take the veil off. See the earthquake of creatures.

We thought this life was water, but it was only mirage.

All drown though they swim in drought, these creatures.

In the market universe, everyone’s shop hours last his lifetime.

Jewels for shit, Mahwi, this is the behavior of creatures.


4

If I can’t see worship’s tyranny by wine’s light, what can I do?

If I can’t cure night with a candle like this, what can I do?

All that my heart has left in its warehouse is bitter melancholy.

With this cash, I bargain with love sickness. What else can I do?

The mullah’s hand and his beloved’s hair, a zunnar, don’t share a path.

So, a sheikh, I choose the Christian Order. What else can I do?

Before that beauty’s path, I made myself dust.

Still, she wouldn’t step on me.

So, I throw the whole world’s dust on my head. What else can I do?

For so long, the riotous city of love has gone dead silent.

If I can’t incite revolution by the law of madness, what else can I do?

My eyes have no more water to cry. I am prostrate at the doorstep.

My black year is dry. If I don’t pray for rain, what else can I do?

For you, I make the world my enemy. I bring my case against all.

If I don’t quit you, quit the world, what else can I do?

My loved ones abandoned me. I don’t fit. Death, hurry up!

If death doesn’t excuse me from this failure of life, what else can I do?

Oh, Mahwi, here is Leila who sets our date for Judgment Day.

Until that day arrives, I’ll sigh and shriek. What else can I do?

Saturday, November 23, 2024

Qani' diwan

1.

The tongue-tied girl, her life is a role
In a drama, a movie.

When she is born, there is no celebration.

They say, “Ay, it’s a girl, what’s the use?”

No one will bring her a gift.

No one will ever speak sweetly about her.

Old men and women surround her mother,
Each reassure her,

“Don’t be sad. God is generous.

You will have a son, too. Be grateful.

For house work, for errands,
This one can take the place of a servant.

So she’s ill for a hundred years—she doesn’t need medicine.

Happiness? Just slap her.

She can’t eat until all the family
Leaves the table.

If she loses her appetite,

If, after eating, she must wash the dishes,

If she is angry, no one will know,

She can cry hungrily until she dries up.”

She won’t be a carpenter, a merchant,
A farrier, an apothecary.

If she peeks her head out from the courtyard,

Her mother will screech at her,

“You, shameless ass.”

This tongue-tied girl, until she turns fifteen,

Is captured, imprisoned in the house.

When she grows up, she can come and go.

Callously, they marry the girl off

To the master’s, the tailor’s, the butcher’s boy.

They propose to her, good people, bad people,

A half-efendi, a widower haji,

The offspring of the rich, the old, the past prime.

Her mother and father start to scheme.

They don’t care about beauty or age.

They look only to see if he has money.

If he does, it doesn’t matter if he is black or gray.

The tongue-tied girl is not aware.

She does not know what her mother and father whisper about.

Her father responds,

“The Haji is good.

He has money and a pure heart.

Who cares that he has no teeth left?

That age has taken his beauty?

His Lira and Majid are odd and even.

He has gathered as much as we desire.”

When the girl knows they will marry her off

To the Haji and the abandoned world,

Her tears rush, rush from her eyes

And she curls around herself like a wounded snake.

She says,

“Ay, beauty, ay, bright world,

Ay, mother and father, ay, friend, ay enemy,

Ay, older girls, ay, beloved husbands,

Ay, those who are deprived, those of cold breath,

Why guard animals

When you don’t ask about how girls live?

If they are not human, they are animal.

Why must we face the world without sympathy?

Go with God.

Free my neck.

I will begin walking toward the city of death.”


2.

Oh, land, some good news to end your strife: this is your era.

The blood of your old victims paints your doorways.

Listen to anyone, they all speak of your youths.

Oh, land, the Turks and Persians long for you, Kurdistan.

The Kurdish nation takes pride in your honored address.

Oh, land, don’t let your eyes fear gas and explosion.

The pen has grown and for you it shouts and calls.

Let the pessimist choke on the fragrant smoke of wild rue.

Pride satisfies you, morning and evening, months and days.

You wear it as a medal on your chest, a star on your shoulder.

How could a pen describe you, era?

How could it pronounce one hundredth of what you are?

Oh nature, your work in Kurdistan is well done.

This pride throws lightning, spills over in waves from jeweled fountains.

Is it water or the pure soul, the source of your animals?

When the doors of your gardens open,

Your waterfalls will pour down the mountain faces.

Your lovers’ wounded liver will once again complain.

Is it water or light the sparkles against the sun?

Wisdom’s people think it is my pearl, but it is yours.

Hundreds of cities, Lebanon and Berlin, will shoulder your fate.

They will sacrifice thousands of their gems for a few of yours.

In tense times, your mountains will reveal their fortresses.

Red and white flowers will freckle the black earth as if

Your blush, talcum powder, and kohl have spilled out.

Powerful hands hold provision they made for the poor.

Every direction I face is gardens and grasslands.

Your mountains are your deserts, your deserts, mountains.

In love with your autumnal color, spring draws near.

Summer is hot with desire for your winter’s snow.

Oh, nation, truth’s light shines in you, like Mount Sinai

You have a thousand Moses, each a river of light.

Your harvest fills the universe, far and wide.

Why is Shahrazur a collection of the universe’s creation?

Visitors spread across the city market because you will visit.

If I imagine you, sorrow surges from my heart.

If I call your name, my mouth will flow with sweet nectar.

If I look across your plains, they heal the wounded liver.

I speak of your fruit and my pen fruits.

My poems are the nation’s, the heart’s, your ecstasy’s.

Baled wheat and barley in burlap is silver and gold.

You are this world’s heaven, no embroidery, no lie.

The ice cold cup of doh beats beer and whiskey.

The jewelry, the lovely golden belt of the Kurdish nation

Rustles and wraps around the stone waist of your mountains.

You mountains are head to toe red with flowering pomegranate.

Your valleys and plains and woods run with pure water.

The only work of nightingales like me is to moan for the rose.

The plains and mountains and sky of your lands reveal

The Kurds’ house: yard, wall, and rooftop.

I yearn for doubt to leave the heart.

My hot-blooded youths, know.

Don’t reach without thinking.

Look at your land, come away, notice its flowers.

The three-headed thorn has laid its short legs before Shirin’s castle.

Qandil Mountain is a long hand to light the lanterns of Wan Lake.

Look at Azmar and Goizha Mountain, how they perform.

Our local gardens and flowers break Lebanon’s back.

Yellow trees won’t yellow until they reach the sky.

Piramagrun Mountain stole the kingdom’s crown for his high head.

If fogs fill the Damawand district, your Hawraman region is shamed.

Kurds, free from sorrow rise to your feet.

Face joy and mind.

Your seedling has grown and fruited like the orchard’s trees.

Don’t sit with your hands on your knees, sighing heavily.

The poems’ cursive lines, the high noses of the mountains,

All are ferociously for independence, ready at your command.

You can’t grasp the meaning of Hamdi’s mystery, oh, Qana’.

This mystery faces the musician who worships the excessive.

Let the wind of existence uproot his ear.

Until he’s startled, he’s useless.

If Hamdi blames you, every once in a while, he isn’t wrong.

Don’t harbor thieves, don’t let them tell you they are your beloved.

3.

Three things in today’s world have no heir and yet have status:

Poets first, scholars second, and the home of Kurds.

Three things in this era, that have no fame and name:

The faults of the rich, the poems of Qana’, and the deaths of the poor.

Like Khanaqa’s rice, these are a noun without body, brother:

First humanity, second generosity, third the faith of a promise or decision.

Three illnesses have come to this world without cure or solution:

Arrogance first, bribes second, third faith in money and the Dinar.

Three precious belongings have today become completely worthless:

First poems, second truth, third respect for land and home.

Disloyalty is required by these three clans of this era:

Lovers first, chairs second, third the flower bud of spring.

Three people never realize their intentions and desires:

Qana’ first, the hungry second, the mad nightingale third.


4.

My brother, come and watch the actions and behavior of Kurds.

Then, sink your head into mud seeing the sorrowful hearts of Kurds.

Why doesn’t the heart moan and sigh?

Why don’t the eyes cry blood?

Why doesn’t the heart fry, ill with the incurable heat of Kurds?

My brother, you sit on a throne.

What’s a Kurd?

What’s the homeland?

You live well with joy.

Don’t look back at the wound of Kurds.

Scented oil for your head, luxury soap, red and white shoes:

That’s enough.

Why plan for the hungry, idle Kurds?

I grab your hem with my hand, I beg you:

Paint your wall well.

Don’t worry that children will get cold in the night under the wall of a Kurd.

If you have no garden, how will you save society?

Whiskey sustains you.

It’s also good to rescue Kurds.

You left nothing unsaid.

You broke a hundred Gandhi’s.

Well done, you.

God bless you, the gem-encrusted blade of Kurds.

Bundle your honor into a swing.

Distract yourself.

Never give ear to the moans and sobs of wounded Kurds.

It’s almost ‘Eid.

Adorn your family head to toe.

Let them break:

the necks of porters, laborers and farmers of Kurds.

Come on, call.

Check if you’ll get your award.

God does you good while they all die:

the conscious Kurds.

Qani’, you almost decided to quit writing, but

This makes you write, the imperfect work of Kurds.


5.

My life’s last home is this prison’s corner.

These handcuffs cure the wounded hearts of the insane.

I have waited so long for the jangling of chains—

Look at this chain—it is as regal as Zewar.

Freedom is my bride,

my blood will henna my hands and feet.

The links of the shackles around my feet are anklets.

The enemy thinks imprisonment will strike me dumb, but

Tell him:

this prison’s corner is my education.

In prison, my thoughts of freedom expand.

He hoped prison would—but I throw mud at his head.

Capturing, beating, and killing are all freedom’s agents.

The bomb, gun, and handcuff are my fairy tales.

I wait for a revolution that saves the world.

I want a nation with that purpose,

with lion-like action.

I rebel through writing and thought.

Revolution is attack, full of roaring Kurds.

If I don’t live free, death is a gift for my body.

Serving and bowing is coward’s work.

I am Qani’ today in prison.

I live freely.

Damn those who serve the foreigners.


6.

Many thanks:

I am deprived of knowledge.

Congratulate me:

I teach donkeys.

A hundred hurrays:

I am far from philosophy and suffering.

I faced the flood of knowledge but escaped its waters.

I sailed the ship of ignorance and crossed that sea.

I studied for many eras only to become a cautionary tale.

I have no mind or consciousness:

I had gave them to the nation.

For the shallow, today we feast.

Welcome, all.

Gather.

Many thanks, hurray,

I escaped knowledge and art.

They will not capture me again.

I will dance with joy.

Never, ever imagine a life of freedom.

Spit on knowledge and news.

Come, play the zurna.

Arrive with a thbt and give the occasional donkey kick.

Even though I have said,

‘Understand and grow,’

Never believe me.

I was a dog and I barked.

How good it is for man to be an ass:

acting the ass is being a man.

Look at the caravan of donkeys,

how it miscarries its foal.

Only ignorance would put pottery shards before gems.

Education is insanity.

Only ignorance makes man succeed.

If I speak knowledge’s name,

know that I am shallow.

My bad name rings out, brayed among the Kurdish tribes,

Because I used my life’s fortune to buy the homeland’s mind,

Because I fought until I cut the curtain of ignorance,

I chased justice so hard,

I burned my own bread.

My name is reduced, disgraced, come to a bad end.

Hold your tongue, please, from those words that are right—

It’s known:

the right is bitter and rough for the inferior.

Scholars’ sorrowful eyes shed blood and pop right out.

It’s a good thing I knew:

the wise man is fated to exile,

Captivity, or abuse.

Yesterday, I tore apart every book I had.

I was a child:

for the nation, I threw myself into the whirlpool of risks.

I just now realized that philosophy, poems and art aren’t worth a penny.

Without taking a breath, I wore the donkey’s hide.

A scholar, a wise mind, knows he cannot get away with it.

I wore the fool’s clothes and escaped from of prison

I vow to never wear the scholar’s ring.

My knowledge’s wings broke and won’t whoosh overhead.

I will become a dog, silent at my front door,

no barking.

I vow to be an ass.

If they load me with walnuts, almonds, many or

Few, I won’t make a sound.

Like a thoughtless man, I will live for myself


7.

Again, all over again, I am home-wrecked.

Dismal and dreary, I drift.

Again, as earlier, I mourn and weep.

Sorrow and complaint and suffering afflict me.

Again, this chaotic era

Came and went, causing the heart pain.

Again, the ulcers crack within the psyche,

Pus overflows, my liver full of ache.

The universe.

Each time, it plays the tyrant—

An owl trying to sing.

The universe.

Each act is failure.

It parts lovers—a cheerless heart.

The universe works poorly between hearts.

The universe is October to flower gardens.

The universe, each day, is man’s enemy.

It is lethal poison for he who owns a name:

Haji Tofiq Beg, known as “Piramerd,”

The wise teacher of Kurds, north and south.

Which elder?

The elder who spent his years

In awareness, in sacrifice.

Which elder?

The elder who with Life, Life

Filled Kurdistan with knowledge.

Which elder?

The elder who worked

In Kurdish writing, breaking new road.

Which elder?

The elder who turned the ancestor’s Proverbs into teachers for relatives and strangers.

He hurried toward the lonely friend.

He bid goodbye to his beloved gatherings.

That’s when I knew the ill fate of Kurds,

The bad luck of the tribes of Kurdish language.

The universe lined up its poets

One after the other in this finite world.

Zewar, he aimed an arrow at my wounds.

And Bekas, he heaped mud on my shoulders.

Dldar of Koye, who emboldened me in my youth,

Drew a curtain, darkness, over my eyes.

Where is Haji Qadir?

Where is Badirkhan?

Where are the conquerors, the blazing Babans?

Where is Shamzin’s Swara?

Where is the Zandi hero?

Where are the Ardalans, the lion’s roar?

Where is Dr. Fuad, the honorable lion?

Where is Amin Zaki, the young historian?

Where is Sheikh Maroof, who owned wings?

One, wise in the visible, one wise in reality.

Where is Nali?

Nari?

Kurdi?

Mawlawi?

Where is the Mullah of the Masnavi, of rhyming couplets?

Where is the Mullah of love in my Besaran?

Where is Hamdi, grandchild of he who owns money?

It is not as if this is Kurdistan’s first time

To lose a poet, but!

Piramerd, the harm is heavy:

He is the uncle all in the poet’s rank.

The beautiful old heart, the beautiful pen has left me.

He who consumed grief for the ranks of the lonely has left me.

What remained after Amin Zaki’s death has left me.

The last of poetry has left me.

The noble fire of the hospitable has left me.

The faithful of my nation and my homeland has left me.

Pen, it is your turn.

Come.

Hurry.

Write the history of the Kurd’s teacher.

The pen, heroically, appeared.

It poured itself out on the face of the paper, the gemstone.

With the alphabet’s letters, it began to speak,

“The Kurd’s teacher and the owner of life has left me.”


Saturday, November 16, 2024

Salim's diwan, 19th-century

1

In a field on the peak of your love, the heart’s hawk flew, circling.
Your beauty, flung like a lightning bolt, singed its feathers in flight.

At the poet’s competition, I saw on every side insight of the beloved.
Girded in artistry, they all arrived, the love hunters.

On one side, Nali and Mahwi; on the other, Salim and Kurdi.

All in the press, the heat of creation, calling on Mawlana.
They rode onto the field of rhetoric, each on an Arabian stallion,

In Kurdish, mounted on the horse of meaning, riding Baban land.

That Nali, an adventurer in print, agile in his way,
Took up his poet’s stick and knocked wisdom’s ball from the field.

That Rakhsh, by nature tough, schooled the wrestlers.

Salim and Mahwi circled to kiss that horse’s stirrup.

Tuesday, November 5, 2024

The Ottoman-Kurdish treaty

The contract between Idrisi Badlisi, the Ottoman court, and Kurdish rulers may be well known. The raw content of the treaty is rarely presented, though, so here it is. 


Ottoman documents: 

There are nine hükümets, which were given under administration and property of their holders in return for their service and obedience. They go-vern (their districts) by way of free-holding. More-over, their countries are set aside from the pen and cut off from the foot. All of their revenues were not included in the sultanic register. There is no one person from the Ottoman governors and servants of the Sultan within these areas. Everything belongs to them. And, in accordance with their charters (given by Ottoman sultans, regarding their rights and privileges) they are not subjected to dismissal and appointment. However, all of them are obedient to the orders of the Sultan. As other Ottoman district gover-nors, they attend to campaigns together with the province-governors of whichever province they are subjected to. They own people and tribes as well as other soldiers.

 

[Kanuni Sultan Süleyman] gives to the Kurdish beys who, in his father Yavuz Sultan Selim's times, took position against the Kızılbaş and who are currently serving the State with faith... both as a reward for their loyalty and courage, their applications and requests being taken into consideration, the provinces and fortresses that have been controlled by each of them as their yurtluk and ocaklık since past times... under the condition of inheritance from father to son... as their estate.... In case of a bey's death, his province shall be given, as a whole, to his son, if there is only one.... If the bey has no heir or relative, then his province shall not be given to anybody from outside. As a result of consultation with the Kurdistan beys, the region shall be given to either beys or beyzades suggested by the Kurdistan beys.



Ali Efendi, a 17th-century Ottoman in the court, elaborates on the various administrative groups of Kurdish leaders. Some districts were under Ottoman 'direct administration', while others, the governments, enjoyed independent administration.

Ali Efendi (17th-century)

When their [yurtluk and ocaklık] governers die, these districts are given to their sons, not to out-siders. However, their revenues are registered like ordinary sanjaks; there are timar and zeamets within them... But the hükümets have not been surveyed. Their rulers keep and govern them through freeholding. They are "set aside from the pen and cut off from the foot" and all their revenues, whatever they might be, belong to them.







Saturday, November 2, 2024

The Ottoman plan to create a Kurdish army

The English ambassador from the 17th century, Thomas Roe, provides an intriguing account of Sultan Osman's demise. The Ottoman Grand Vizier persuaded the Sultan to form a new force by 'going to the East' and assembling Kurds, according to Roe: 

He was no Emperour, nor could be safely alive, while the Janizaries had the power which they lately usurped: Informing him, that they were cor-rupted from their ancient Institution, & were lazie Cowards, given over to ease and lust, et animo per libidines corrupto, nihil honestum inerat. But if his Majestie would pull up his spirits, and follow his advice, hee would provide him a new Souldioury about Damascus, and from the Coords, of men ever bred in the frontier, hardnes, and warre, of great courage and experience, and that of them he should erect a new Militia, that should wholly depend of him.

Shaykh Khidr Mihrani, the Kurdish seer

In the chronicles of the Mamluk period, few figures appear as enigmatic as shaykh Khidr Mihrani. A Kurdish Sufi figure who rose from humble ...

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