Why were Kurdish rulers labeled as 'rafizi' when their relations with the Ottoman Empire deteriorated? New archeological findings from the Bidlis castle add to the account of the Bidlisi monarchs' close association with the Safavid Shahs. Hurufism was also represented and taught in Kurdistan during this time period. Isa, the Kurdish Hurufi mentioned in the article, had opinions that the author did not touch. One of them was that heaven and hell are not real places; rather, they represent knowledge and ignorance. His viewpoint had repercussions for religious practices. Religious ceremonies made little sense to the Hurufi once they had acquired the level of knowing. These beliefs are strongly related to the social context in which persons such as Isa Bidlisi lived. They were addressing a need.
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